The Impact of Corporate Governance on Stock Market...

Impact of Corporate Governance on Stock Market Performance Farah Rezwan Reyan Zeenat Hai Nogmaye Habiba Abstract The paper aims to establish a relationship between Corporate Governance and stock market performance. In doing so, several variables had been identified by a thorough review of literature. These variables were measured on the basis of their performance, in respect to developed and developing countries, in relation to Corporate Governance. The performance measures were done by using data and graphical representations. The analysis recognized a significant relationship between corporate governance and stock market performance. Keywords: Market Efficiency, Market Valuation Introduction: A country’s economic condition†¦show more content†¦Section 3 provides a detailed analysis of empirical results. In the last section we have concluded the paper. Literature Survey: Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2001) used differences in takeover defense provisions to create a corporate governance index of US firms and found that firms with stronger shareholder right have better operating performance, higher market valuation and are more likely to make acquisition. In another study, (2003) they showed that companies with strong shareholders rights yielded annual returns that were 8.5% greater than those with weak rights. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) define corporate governance as a set of mechanism through which outside investors protect themselves against expropriation by insiders. Theoretical models La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny (2002) and Shliefer and Wolfenzon (2002) predict that investors pay more because they recognize that with better legal protection more of the firms profit would come back to them as interest or dividends as opposed to being expropriated by the entrepreneur who control the firm. Agency problem may lead to low stock price multiples as investors anticipate the cash flows will be diverted. Also, good corporate governance may reduce the return on equity to the extent that it reduces shareholder’s monitoring and auditing cost. Ultimately this should lead to a higher firm valuation (Wolfgang Drobetz). In a different study by Credit Lyonnais Securities Asia (furtherShow MoreRelatedBenefits of Good Governance1683 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Governance refers to the way a corporation is governed. It is the technique by which companies are directed and managed. It means carrying the business as per the stakeholders’ desires. It is actually conducted by the board of Directors and the concerned committees for the company’s stakeholder’s benefit. It is all about balancing individual and societal goals, as well as, economic and social goals. 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The motivation for the research came on the backdrop of the approval of the European Commission proposal by the European Parliament to improve the gender balance in company boards last year which callsRead MoreCorporate Governance And Its Impact On Business Governance2028 Words   |  9 Pages Corporate governance is an increasingly important topic in this age of globalisation, it is a global occurrence which in turn makes the subject complex, with issues of ownership, cultural, legal and other structural differences being involved. From this broad scope, it is discernible that the functions of the board are inseparable from the topic of corporate governance and in turn what effect these have and will potentially have on the share price in the future. As with every other aspect of globalisationRead MoreBehavior1561 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Corporate Governance / PUNB 413 students are required to prepare an individual assignment which is includes preparing summary of at least two articles that related to ISSUES IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE focusing on Directors Remuneration and CEO Compensation. The article that I selected is mainly focus on Directors Remuneration, Corporate Performance, Board Characteristics and factors that influence in determining the Directors Remuneration and CEO compensation. This assignment plays a vitalRead MoreCorporate Governance For A Future Economic Crisis Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pages-Can corporate governance prevent a future economic crisis. Ten years ago, corporate governance was still in the concept stage. There wasn’t a lot of information about corporate governance. After some big corporate failure that hit the economy, it has become obvious that corporate governance matters. 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Planning and Enabling Learning Free Essays

string(26) " of initial assessment e\." Introduction For this essay I will research the following areas: negotiating with learners, functional skills, inclusive learning and communication. I will look at how and why each of these areas are important to teaching and how I can gain a better understanding of them in order to enable my learners to learn. Rationale Negotiating with learners When considering the area negotiating with learner’s research identifies that a focus on initial assessment of learners and agreeing goals is important. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning and Enabling Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is necessary to know why we negotiate with learners, how we do it and the barriers involved. Lesley Thom (2001) explored the reasons why learners need to feel involved in order to progress their learning. I intend to analyse the role of initial assessment and planning and negotiating learning goals. Within my own area ground rules are established so learners know what is expected of them. When learners do not follow these rules negotiation must take place. ‘Rules and models destroy genius and art’ (Hazlitt, cited in Wallace, 2007, p. 42). Hazlitt suggested that enthusiasm, creativity and initiative will not easily flourish in a situation where too many externally imposed rules allow only one pre-specified way of doing things’ My learners have emotional and behavioural difficulties and always need to be given other options. They need to feel they have some power of the outcome of the situation. This then enables them to become motivated. Initial assessment within my area is important as we have learners at a range of levels come to us at different ages, often with little schooling. Initial assessment allows us to pitch work at the right level. If we were to get this wrong it could have serious repercussions to that learner, they may feel unmotivated, insecure and they will not want to engage in the learning environment. Inclusive Learning The Open University defines inclusive learning as: recognising, accommodating and meeting the learning needs of all your students (open-university online). I interpret this to mean that each learner is individual and as individuals each learner has individual needs. It is up to the teacher to accommodate these needs. Inclusive learning means that individual learners are not merely grouped together but taught with their individual needs in mind. Learners need to be actively included and fully engaged’ (Tomlinson 1996). I will look at the stages of the learning cycle and how this applies to inclusive learning. I will also look at session planning – (Bloom 1956), mastery of subjects and the promotion of higher forms of thinking rather than on an approach which simply transfers facts. I will look at teaching methods (VARK) and resources for those with learning disabilities as I feel I can relate this to my own area. Many learners I teach have an entitlement statement which shows individual needs. This is something which is closely used along side how we differentiate. This is one thing that will depend on how I session plan, the teaching methods I will use and what resources I will use during the session. Functional Skills Functional skills are qualifications in English, Maths and ICT. Edexcel defines functional skills as ‘qualifications designed to help build practical skills for work, education and everyday life’ – (edexcel). This is very important for learners because it has been observed by the government that when it comes to employment employees have not obtained the right level of literacy, numeracy and ICT. By embedding functional skills it allows learners to have a good level of competence in each of the core subjects. Learners will then feel like they have achieved. This achievement can then continue into employment because they will be ready for the workplace. This will also benefit individual business and the economy. Within my area functional skills are used for learners who are at a lower level. By embedding functional skills we are applying everyday skills to learning. Learners are curious and have a more enthusiastic approach to learning. Communication Communication covers a wide range of topics and there are a number of theories about how we communicate. We communicate verbally and non-verbally. Most of our communication is through our body language. On a face to face basis words account for 7% of the overall message, tone of voice accounts for 38% and body language accounts for 55% – (Mehrabien,1971 online). In order for learners to understand what it is that is expected of them they need to fully understand what is being communicated to them. Communication must be effective between sender and receiver. There are different factors which can prevent effective communication e. . noise (Shannon and Weaver 1949). Teachers need to take into consideration any barriers there could be to communication e. g. learning difficulties, outside factors that are unknown to the teacher and a lack of NVC. I will look at the types of verbal and non-verbal communication and motivation of learners I will look at the hierarchy of needs, (Maslow 1954). I will look at how I use verbal and NVC within my sessions and identify ways in which these can be improved. Methodology My essay will consist of research on: negotiating with learners, communication, functional skills and inclusive learning. I will look at a variety of opinions and sources. Approach To gather information I will use the internet, relevant academic text books, and notes from the sessions I have attended. I will also use information presented by my peers in the form of presentations covering the topics I will research. Precis Negotiating with learners Initial assessment of learner’s knowledge, learning styles and skills must take place in order to establish levels of learning. It may also be to group learners correctly and to make you aware of what will motivate your learners to identify targets. Learners should be thoroughly involved in the assessment process. ‘Assessment should not be something that is done to somebody. The learner must feel involved and feel part of the process’ (Thom, 2001, P. 16). There are many different methods of initial assessment e. You read "Planning and Enabling Learning" in category "Essay examples" g. a range of tests, questionnaires, self and peer evaluation, group and paired work, presentations and question and answer sessions. In my own area I use a lot of practical demonstrations but I find this hard to use as an initial assessment. A lot of the learners I work with get quite nervous about tests so I give them quizzes instead. The quiz still reflects their knowledge and gives me a good idea of where to start with them. Students also carry out a GOAL Online and VARK test to establish learning styles. I think the VARK test is a very useful tool but I also think that as teachers we should be incorporating all learning styles into our lessons. Planning and Negotiating Learning Goals Learning goals are subject specific and will set out achievable targets for the learner. These targets should be SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely) so learners are clear. Mager (1984) stated that ‘If you don’t know where you are going, it is difficult to select a suitable means for getting there’. Learners need to know what they are going to learn. There needs to be a finish line for them to work towards. Goals can be short term, long term and immediate. Short term goals are specific and I often use these on a termly basis e. g. by then end of term you will be able to identify 3 ways in which someone could receive an electric shock. When a learner has achieved this over a short period of time it will motivate them towards their end goal which encompasses the whole course e. . by the end of the 16 week course you will hold a level 3 Young First Aider qualification. For my learners I need to constantly remind them of the overall goal. It is important for learners to be involved in setting their own targets. Learners may want to negotiate their learning goals and they should be encouraged to do so. Department for Education and Skills (DfES), (2004) states ‘The learner is at the heart of the process’ I think this is in reference to the learning cycle where the learner is at the centre. Learning goals must be agreed with the learner. For my learners once a target has been met there is a reward in place. Negotiating allows for reflection to take place and establishes boundaries. Learners will become more independent. Once goals have been set they should be recorded in an Individual Learning Plan (ILP). †¢ Learners should be encouraged to discuss their individual needs. †¢ Targets should be written and verbalised. †¢ Regular tutorial sessions should take place. †¢ Relevant functional skills should be embedded. †¢ Initial assessment results should be recorded. For me regular tutorial sessions are vital. Learners want to know what progress they have made; it gives them opportunity for discussion, negotiating and target setting. Inclusive Learning When researching inclusive learning I first looked at how my session plans can be adapted for the individual needs of my learners. For my teaching to be effective the following stages of the learning cycle should be taken into consideration. Kolb (1984) I produce a scheme of work and lesson plans each term. Firstly I take into consideration: †¢ Aims/ Objectives of the course specific to individuals. †¢ What it is I will be teaching and making it relevant for my learners. Embedding relevant functional skills. †¢ Need for support. A lot of my learners have emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD). They often have conditions such as Dyslexia and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). I aim to know my learners very well. Within my session plans as part of my differentiation is to know which learners will need extra s upport, a variety of activities, use of VARK learning styles and to have a behavioural management plan in place. When session planning it is important to take into consideration learners knowledge. Blooms Taxonomy (1956) model shows us through 6 stages that in order to have effective learning and reach the last stage you must first have knowledge. For effective learning to have taken place learners must go through each stage. (Appendix 1). Session plans must incorporate a range of resources; these can be seen in (Appendix 2). Not all resources are inclusive. The report Exclusion to Inclusion from the Disability Rights Task Force (1999) states that ‘disabled people are twice as likely as non-disabled people to be un-employed and to have no formal qualifications’. As a teacher you need to make sure the resources you use are inclusive to all learners. When considering what resources to use I think it helps to know my own learning styles and that of my learners. Laird (1985) suggests that learning occurs when the senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste are stimulated. Within First Aid I: †¢ Use case studies, this can make the topics more realistic and applicable to everyday situations but it must have clear outcomes and roles must be defined. †¢ Use practical demonstrations. I find this increases learner participation and they engage better but equipment is expensive e. g. CPR doll, this is not always available. When carrying out CPR demonstrations I would have to adapt this for a learner with disabilities. I could possibly incorporate different levelled surfaces. †¢ Use games. This is a fun way to learn, it enables problem solving and decision making and it puts theory into practice but it needs to be well prepared and learners sometimes try to break the rules. These activities tend to be more for my kinaesthetic learners. I also do use worksheets for lower level students and I can easily adapt these to suit high level learners but I do find my learners who have ADHD or dyslexia taken an immediate dislike to them. Worksheets can become boring. This is more of a visual resource. I have started to use more ICT within my lessons and I try to use our interactive whiteboards when possible. This is good for presentations and it provides a focus for the group but it’s not always inclusive as not all learners can use it. This is a very visual resource and it can provide auditory activities such as video clips. By using a range of resources it promoted equality, supports diversity as we are catering to individuals and it contributes to effective learning. Learners entitlement statement is also taken into consideration as is their ILP and IEP’s (Individual Education Plan) and IBP’s (Individual Behavioural Plan). Integrating Functional Skills Within my area of First Aid I aim to embed as many functional skills as I can. I feel I am able to embed literacy and ICT successfully but I find it very hard to embed numeracy. I feel it is important to demonstrate my own competence in the minimum core in order to develop them in my learners. Edexcel, (Online) states that functional skills are qualifications that equip learners with the basic practical skills required in everyday life, education and the workplace. In order for learners to go into employment successfully functional skills should be embedded. The Tomlinson Report (2004) looked at reforming the 14-19 curriculum and qualifications. Tomlinson looked at ‘getting the basics right and developing the generic knowledge, skills and attributes necessary for the participation in higher education, working life and the community. The report also incorporates ‘common knowledge, skills and attributes (CKSA) – (Appendix 3). Within my own are I incorporate literacy by ensuring my learners use grammar and punctuation correctly. My learners are given worksheets to complete and they make notes. Learners are given information and have to spell key words. To incorporate ICT learners have access to computers and laptops and they can research topics, construct PowerPoint presentations, create posters and leaflets and they sometimes have access to the interactive whiteboard. Learners will also use word to type up notes and keep a glossary of terms. By embedding these functional skills into lessons it enables learners to apply their knowledge to everyday situations. Learners are learning skills for the workplace and higher education opportunities. Communication There are many forms of communication e. g. verbal and non verbal communication (NVC). Examples of verbal communication: †¢ Speaking †¢ Interpersonal †¢ Television †¢ Radio Examples of NVC: †¢ Sounds †¢ Facial Expression †¢ Appearance †¢ Posture For my research I have evaluated my own communication skills and ways in which these could be improved. (See Appendix 4). When it comes to communicating effectively with learners there are often barriers that you have to overcome. The Shannon and Weaver (1949) model (shown below) shows that in order to communicate effectively a message must be sent, encoded and then decoded by the received. For this to happen there must be no barriers, if there are barriers then the message may be misinterpreted. This model gives the example of noise as a potential barrier to communication. [pic] The Shannon-Weaver model also proposes that you can have physical, psychological and semantic barriers. Examples of barriers would be: †¢ Poor body language. †¢ Speaking to quickly or slowly. †¢ Giving too much written or verbal information. †¢ Little of no eye contact. †¢ Behaviour. †¢ Appearing disinterested. Maslow’s (1954) Hierarchy of Needs looks at the basic needs e. g. physiological, safety, love, esteem and self actualisation. Maslow suggests that these needs must be met in order to progress. For some of my learners these basic needs are not being met. Before learners can learn these needs must be met. A lack of these needs can act as a barrier. To overcome some of these barriers it is important to be: †¢ Confident. †¢ Knowledgeable. †¢ Using appropriate language for the learner. †¢ Aware of your own body language. †¢ Checking learning has taken place regularly. †¢ Allowing time for information to be processed. †¢ Getting feedback from learners. Geoff Petty, (2004) in his book Teaching Today states that you need feedback from the learner to ensure information has not been misinterpreted. Through my research I have found that all of these areas are important when planning and enabling learning and that they all link together. How to cite Planning and Enabling Learning, Essay examples Planning and enabling learning Free Essays Rationale The following is research that I carried out Is relating to four mall points. The first being Negotiating with learners, when we first meet with a learner we conduct an Minimal assessment and a on line test for functional skills, this allows us to check on previous learning and any under planning knowledge they already have, thus allowing us to make sure the learning will be set at the right level for that particular learner. When we are sure we know this we can discuss with the learner what targets we are going to set them, this would Include goals and actions we want them to reach, we want the learner to achieve so would make the targets SMART so they are achievable to the leaner, in turn this would help to keep the learner motivated in the learning environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning and enabling learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having started with the internet I looked at various sites detailing the reasoning and methods of negotiating with learners in respect of initial assessments and agreeing goals and actions. During my research I found a site detailing how negotiating with learners has changed over time in regards to higher education. This can, however, be considered for other areas of education. The website (www. Hacked. AC. UK) looks at a publication by Mac McCarthy for ‘Higher Education for Capability. (Originally from Lack et al 1992) Within in this it is considered how learning contracts are used. McCarthy considers the factors affecting negotiating with learners and believes the ability to negotiate is affected by: * the established view of education within an organization the established view of how the organization operates * personal factors which influence the extent to which the teacher feels comfortable negotiating with learners * the demands of the course which defines the limits of what can be negotiated and to what extent. Inclusive learning Is the next subject for research one that I conducted a micro teach for, this Is a huge subject area that I will try to condense Into a few words. Delivery methods I consider these to be valid and Interesting points but wanted to discover more ethos of negotiation, I therefore looked towards the Learning Skills Council for further information regarding the starting point of initial assessment. Wanting to gather more information on methods and reasoning for initial assessment I discovered a useful publication from them (Initial assessment, Learning Skills council. They state that a good initial assessment must be done early on Planning and enabling learning By precociousness’s STALLS Assignment Unit 2 Jerry Tyler. The following is research that I carried out is relating to four main points. The first initial assessment and a on line test for functional skills, this allows us to check on previous learning and any under pinning knowledge they already have, thus allowing going to set them, this would include goals and actions we want them to reach, we what can be negotiated and to what extent. Inclusive learning is the next subject for research one that I conducted a micro teach for, this is a huge subject area that I will try to condense into a few words. Delivery methods I consider these to be valid and interesting points but wanted to discover more How to cite Planning and enabling learning, Papers

Business Research Report Proposal Dependent Retail Business

Question: Describe about the Business Research Report Proposal for Dependent Retail Business. Answer: Introduction The growth factor of a retail business is dependent on the relationship between the company and their customers. It has proved to be a difficult task to hold the customer in this competitive market structure. There are many internal factors that affect the growth rate of fast food chains like KFC, McDonald and other restaurants and cafes. In order to capture large number of customers, these companies keep changing their services quality and invest a reasonable amount in the innovation of the process and products (Manning, 2015). In this scenario, KFC has introduced a new secret recipe called sander which is a combination of eleven different herbs and spices. Also, the fried chicken bucket of KFC had received a huge popularity among the global customers. A large supply chain and several distribution units make KFC as a strong competitor among the fast food industry. Irrespective of this fact, there are several religious and cultural factors that are affecting the consumption of KFC pr oducts. Research Topic The research topic is to understand the impact of the diversification in the customers choice on the consumption of the KFC products. Additionally, various aspects related to the research topic will be analysed and evaluated in this study. Research Aim and Objective According to the research topic, the concerned researcher will examine the aspects related to the competitive issue, struggles of the KFC in order to sustain in the fast food industry. There are certain objectives of this research study that the researcher needs to be addressed (Paulsen, Rogns Hersleth, 2015). To determine the rate of change of the customers choice in the fast food industry Consumption and demand of the fast food product in the global market scenario Diversification in the choice of the fast food with respect to KFSs product To evaluate the major key challenges in the brand position of KFC in foreign market Impact of cultural and religious factors on the management and marketing techniques of the KFC Research Questions There are certain imperative questions related to the research study that the researcher will able to answer based on the analysis and research work perform in this study (Paulsen, Rogns Hersleth, 2015). What are the major impacts of the culture and religion of the customer on the consumption of the KFCs products? What are the significant implications in the change of the customers choice on the management and marketing practices of KFC? What are the pivotal factors that would affect the sale ratio of KFC products? What are the essential ways in order to make a brand position in the foreign market intake of KFC products? Research Methodology and Technique There are various tools and methods that must be used by the concerned researcher in order to conduct a significant and effective research study. The research methodology provides a brief structural framework in order to make research more systematic and precise (Flick, 2015). There are several issues on the part of customers that create sizable impacts on the intake of the KFC products in the Muslim countries. Research Design Selection of a suitable research design is considered as an essential parameter in any research study. An appropriate research design provides a detail description and relevant aspects for the research stud which are required to complete the research study. There are three major research designs, which are selected by researchers for conduct ting he research study (Hillier, 2006). Descriptive research design explains the necessary information and data needed for research study. Also, it includes the collection of data rather than assumption and predictions. Exploratory research design provides the basis structure of the research based on the hypothecs and theoretical perspectives. A significant insight is obtained on the research topic. Explanatory research design used various ideas and facts from various sources in regards to conclude the research. The researcher will use the descriptive research design since it is more appropriate in terms of collecting the significant information and data and perceptive view of the research topic (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2015). Collection Method Researcher will use both the methods of collecting the data from different sources. Primary data Secondary data Primary data will be collected by the researcher using direct survey and interviews. While, the secondary data will be collected from several sources like literature, articles, books, websites and journals etc. The secondary data set includes the impact of behaviour and choice of the customer on the fast food with respect to KFC products. A brief explanation will be obtained by the concerned researcher with the help of secondary data set. This would help the researcher for the in depth understanding about the critical issues of the research topic. Additionally, the researcher will adopt both the techniques to analyse the data and evaluate the optimum research outcomes (Mackey Gass, 2015). Quantitative method Qualitative method Sampling There will be a survey for a targeted population which includes the respondent of various age grope. The researcher will chose a sample based on the age and religion distribution. The population within the age range of 18- 45 years Respondents of different religion Research Process Steps It includes seven steps which will be adopted by the research for complete the research cycle process (Hillier, 2006). Research Issue or Opportunity This step is essential to determine the exact issue or problem statement on which the concern researcher will conduct the research study. Literature Review It includes the past review and research procedure to frame the research problems and objectives. Literature review also provides the report on the consumers of KFC product globally and their expectations and perceptions about the product range of KFC. Formation of Research Model It involves the selection of a suitable method and technique for the research study. The selection of the correct method or procedure will be helpful to express the issue in the mathematical or statistical model. Selection of Research Design This step is considered imperative, because it will provide an estimate for the expenditure (time, cost, efforts) that will be incurred in the respective research study. Collection of Data and Information Both primary and secondary data will be collected as has been discussed above. Analysis of Collected Data The collected data and information will be analysed with the help of different statistical tools and techniques like SPSS, MS excel and other statistical methods. The analysed data will be expressed in terms of charts, tables, graphs etc (Hastie, Tibshirani Friedman,2001). Explanation of the Research Outcomes This includes the final research report based on the obtained result. This step involved the determination of the actual issue or opportunity related to the research topic. This step is important to examine the problem more specifically. Data Collection and Analysis Methods In order to implement any particular research design, it is essential to obtain sufficient and relevant data and information from scientific resources. Relevancy and accurate data will help the researcher to obtain accurate outcome from the research study. As discussed earlier, both primary and secondary data method will be adopted by the researcher to obtain sufficient data set (Taylor,Bogdan DeVault, 2015). In this research study, the secondary data and information will provide a theoretical and cultural view about the pattern and strategies of KFC. For the collection of the primary data, a targeted population is selected for the sample which is the consumer of the age range between 18 to 45 of different religion and culture. The researcher will receive different set of responses from different people, which will help the researcher to select number of variables for the further research analysis (Hillier, 2006). Researcher has selected Dandenongs KFC due to its central position in the Melbourne city in Australia. Researcher has specifically chosen this location for sampling, because it is situated in the centre of the Melbourne and most of the people are going in Dandenongs KFC for lunch and dinner, it was also found that the population of this area is of different religion and culture and various age. Direct interviews session will be organised with the targeted people of Dandenongs KFC. This activity will be performed under the qualitative analysis method and the selection of the specified area, people will be examined under quantitative method of data analysis. Also, various managerial level employees of KFC from distinctive area will also be interviewed for collecting the data. A brief discussion will also be conducted with the managers of the KFC of various locations in Melbourne in order to determine the challenges, expectations of the different customer and an interview will also cond uct to examine the action and response in some critical issue. These responses and data will be analysed with the help of MS excel or SPSS statistics tool to express the final outcome of the research. Expected Research Outcomes The basic outcome of the research study will provide better knowledge about the various factors to be considered by the American Company KFC while examining the various aspects, expectation of the customer of different age group and religion. It will also help to explain the critical issues about the lesser sale of KFC products in the market and the major steps that are needed to be taken by the management of the KFC in order to become a preferred joint for different cultures. This research study will evaluate the significant trends and expectation of the customer and major impact of culture in the customers preference in the product range of KFC, which direct affects the growth rate of KFC in this competitive market. References Flick, U, 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project, Sage Publications, New York Eriksson, P Kovalainen, A 2015, Quantitative methods in business research, Sage Publications, London Hastie, T, Tibshirani, R Friedman, J 2001, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer Publications, New York Hillier, F 2006, Introduction to Operations Research, McGraw Hill Publications, New York Mackey, A Gass, SM 2015, Second language research: Methodology and design, Routledge Publications, London Manning, L., 2015, Determining value in the food supply chain. British Food Journal, Vol. 117, No 11, pp.2649-2663. Paulsen, MT, Rogns, GH and Hersleth, M 2015, Consumer perception of foodbeverage pairings: the influence of unity in variety and balance. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, Vol. 2, No.2, pp.83-92. Taylor, SJ, Bogdan, R DeVault, M 2015, Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons, New York